American Authors Research Project Emily Dickinson

Between 1858 and 1864 Emily Dickinson wrote over 40 hand bound volumes of nearly 1800 poems, yet during her lifetime only a few were published. Perhaps this is why today we see Dickinson as a highly influential writer, unlike those during her time who did not see the potential. Emily Dickinson wrote towards the end of the romanticism era, but considered more of a realist, ahead of her time and one to shape the new movement. The main characteristic of Romanticism that Dickinson portrays in her writing emphases of the importance of nature to the Romantics, but she is known as a realist because of her concern and fascination with death, and the harsh realities of life. Emily Dickinson’s upbringing and early education, along with living in reclusion with death all around her, greatly influenced on of the greatest female poets of all time. Dickinson’s father was a lawyer, and because of this she was able to receive an education, unlike most women of the time period. She wen t to both Amherst and Yale, where she not only became educated in arts but science as well (Bio np). After a brief period of schooling Dickinson returned to the family homestead to live a reclusive life (Emily np). Because of this she was able to compile over 40 hand bound books with roughly 1800 poems in them, reflecting much of her inner feelings and somewhat dark side. Emily Dickinson changed the literary world in bringing about a new style, and being one of the first to be considered a realist, evenShow MoreRelatedJudy Chicago Dinner Party Essay6539 Words   |  27 Pagesvirtuous women, and with the help of her three muses, the sisters Reason, Rectitude, and Justice, she reflected on the many women in history and mythology who might live together in this Cità © des Dames. Almost exactly four centuries later, the American sculptor and feminist Harriet Hosmer envisioned a beautiful temple dedicated to the achievements of women. Now such a grand idea has been realized. Judy Chicagos Dinner Party, which opened at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art in March 1979Read MoreSolution Manual, Test Bank and Instructor Manuals34836 Words   |  140 PagesAccessing AUTOCAD Architecture 2012, 1st Edition_William G. Wyatt, Sr (IM) Accounting An Asian Edition, 2nd Edition_Joyce Fung-Goh B.L., Suriya Binte Shukor, Marie Christine Que Cheong, Fadhlina Samsudin, Tan Shu Hong (SM ) Accounting and Auditing Research Tools and Strategies, 6th Edition_Thomas Weirich,Thomas C. Pearson,Alan Reinstein (SM+Cases and solutions) Accounting and Financial Analysis in the Hospitality Industry_Johnathan Hales,Hubert B. Van Hoof (IM+TB) Accounting Business Reporting forRead MoreCalculus Oaper13589 Words   |  55 Pagesproblematic, if not disabling, for women; all seek paths toward change. I have learned more from some of these books than from others; but on this I am clear: each one might have been more accurate, more powerful, more truly a force for change, had the author felt impelled to deal with lesbian existence as a reality, and as a source of knowledge and power available to women; or with the institution of heterosexuality itself as a beachhead of male dominance.(4) In none of them is the question ever raisedRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesthink you will find the following classification of cases by subject matter to be helpful. I thank those of you who made this and other suggestions. Classification of Cases by Major Marketing Topics Topics Most Relevant Cases Marketing Research and Consumer Analysis Coca-Cola, Disney, McDonald’s, Google, Starbucks Product Starbucks, Nike, Coke/Pepsi, McDonald’s, Maytag, Dell, Hewlett-Packard, Newell Rubbermaid, DaimlerChrysler, Kmart/Sears, Harley-Davidson, Boeing/Airbus, MerckRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesdistribute, store, and transmit all or any part of the work under the following conditions: (1) Attribution You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author, namely by citing his name, the book title, and the relevant page numbers (but not in any way that suggests that the book Logical Reasoning or its author endorse you or your use of the work). (2) Noncommercial You may not use this work for commercial purposes (for example, by inserting passages into a book that is sold to

Teampaper Free Essays

Reduces the â€Å"alternatives space† but how can Positioning help to reduce degrees of freedom in design even further? Try this, what if we want to introduce a toilet paper under the slogan â€Å"My first toilet paper† – once again aimed at young children. Does that create more clarity? Does it immediately pop more specific design elements into your mind? What about price sensitivity for a product like that? Wicked parent’s be price sensitive if your product is perceived to make the toilet training experience even a little less of an ordeal? What distribution channels would you use? Wicked they necessarily be the â€Å"normal† one’s for toilet paper? Can you see the advertising you would do? What about cross-promotions with â€Å"pull-up† diapers – will that make sense? Obviously there is a cost – to find a tight homogeneous target group we have to fine tune our segmentation and accept the smaller numbers this implies. However, targeting a wider group of customers does not guaranty larger sales or profit! This is where the idea of average products comes in. We will write a custom essay sample on Teampaper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Averages, instead of appealing to everyone, usually end up appealing to no one! They invite competitive entry that targets one sub-segment of the large target group you went after thus tearing away one piece of your sales at a time. Long-term this is a losing proposition unless high barriers to entry can be erected. Even then, averages tend to be a source of dissatisfaction with your product or service. How to cite Teampaper, Papers

Women Gender and the World Religion

Question: Discuss about the Control of Womens Sexuality has been a Key Concern of all Major World Religions. Answer: The conditions imposed on human sexuality by Judeo-Christians and also the sexual prohibitions that have been imposed by other religions like Islam, have originated from ancient tribal of the Jews. In those early times, it was considered that whites were properties and there were laws that were particularly codified for protecting wives, livestock and dwellings as their significance can be clearly seen in the Jewish law. The belief held by different groups were also hugely diverse, ranging from the approval of homosexuality, prostitution, having sex with slaves and the liberal views regarding divorce to an 180 degree shift in these areas. It was feared by Judaism that the Jewish race may be diluted if liaisons are allowed with the non-Jews. As marrying a Jew and giving birth to the Jewish children was considered as a significant requirement for this, the need was codified by the scriptural laws which govern sexuality. At this point it is worth mentioning that effective birth control was not present in those days. In those days, primarily even raping the wife was treated as a sin that had been committed against the husband and his family and not a sin against the wife. In fact, most of the early scholars agreed that the sexual restrictions that have been mentioned in the Old Testament are more concerned with maintaining the property and the requirements and the survival of the Jews as the race instead of sex itself.[1] It was in the fourth century when St. Augustine, who had himself admitted having major personal problems with sex, had the responsibility to form the views of the Christians regarding sex. The problem is that he had been sex that under the modern-day psychology, he would have been mentioned as borderline psychotic and obsessive-compulsive.[2] However, the bases of the ideas of St. Augustine were received by him from the mind versus body views that were quite popular in those times, the views that have been repudiated since long by the more enlightened and modern thinking. As weather reports, after leading a lascivious and wanton lifestyle, Augustine changed dramatically and let his mistress and children. He vowed to become a celibate. Afterwards, he had the views that "flesh" was sinful, wicked and flawed. At the same time, Augustine also considered himself to be a staunch Catholic.[3] In view of the strong anti-sex views held by St. Augustine, it is surprising and perhaps baffling for some that according to this saintly man, prostitution was required as a necessity in the society. It has been said by him that if prostitution is expelled from the society, everything will be unsettled on account of lusts. In this regard, father Thomas Raush from the chair of Theological Studies at the Loyola Marymount University, it is indeed regrettable that the influence and the negative appraisal of security by St. Augustine, which were the result of his own struggles to be chaste, had such a negative impact with the Christian tradition.[4] Perhaps it is also equally surprising for many that Thomas Aquinas, who also has a significant impact on Christianity, was also of the view that prostitution has to be seen as a necessary evil in the society. It is worth mentioning that these examples have not been sighted with a view to advocate prostitution but only to reveal how the views regarding sexuality has changed within the Church. According to the modern Christian scholars, stronger words than the term 'regrettable' has been used to describe the damage that has been cause over the centuries as a result of the warped views of this man, particularly concerning the rights of woman.[5] A question which arises in these circumstances is that why didn't the priest craft of the day just ignored the views of St. Augustine. The first reason was that the religious, political and economic interests of the religious establishment of the day were served by these views. Particularly, these views help in maintaining the interests of the male-dominated religion. However, apart from the church politics, the men were aware of the greater sexual capacity of the human and they also feared it. The result was that the woman who enjoys sex were condemned by the religion as being 'evil'. Later on, in the history, these women were also termed as witches and therefore they were tortured and killed.[6] Similarly the priest craft was aware of the fact that as a result of controlling the sexual life of their subjects, they will be in a position to achieve a significant level of control on the personal as well as the spiritual lives of the people. The control of the priest craft was not only bolstered by the threat of eternal hell but it also allowed religion to commercialize the forgiveness of sexual sins. Hence, husbands and wives were required to look towards rabbis and priests (most of them were celibate) instead of each other for sexual permissions. According to the highly religious law, very restrictive laws have been established for governing the questions like "when and how often" of between the marriage partners and sometimes even sex was limited to the so-called missionary position. There was a time in history when the sex police had been used by the Catholic Church. Therefore, religion could order the burning of her marriage couple at the stake if it was found that they wer e having sex with women on top. In this way, sex could be had only in order to conceive children and the males (and particularly the females) were considered to be sinful if they enjoyed sex at this may send them to hell.[7] Much later on when the woman were not considered as the property of men, the Church which was still dominated by men felt that woman need to be controlled through religion. It was the same Church who had pronounced Mary Magdalene as a prostitute even if there was no biblical evidence to support it. Although there have been efforts to eradicate the evidence, still the recently discovered documents reveal the evidence that not only Mary Magdalene was the favorite disciple of Jesus but in the beginning, she was a powerful figure who had played a significant role in the development of Christianity.[8] Two Reasonable Reasons: there was a point in history when it was found that sex helped in transmitting some of the life-threatening diseases. A number of deaths took place group diseases like syphilis that were transmitted. Sexually under these circumstances, it was argued that the spread of sexually transmitted diseases can be controlled if limitations placed on the sexual partners. This was the line of reasoning that was particularly significant because in those times, safe sex practices were not prevalent.[9] The next reason behind imposing restrictions on the sexuality of woman by various religions was that before the introduction of effective birth control, commonly sex resulted in pregnancy of a woman. The religious leaders were wise enough to recognize that under the circumstances, theoretically, a woman may get pregnant even every year of the marriage. During the times when the women were married in very early age, this could result in a great number of children. At the same time, many women died in those days during childbirth.[10] In this way, during those times, lesser children could not be considered as an asset, particularly when it comes to providing the required labor in the farms and homes but it was also acknowledged that there are many couples who were not in a position to take care of a large number of children. Such a situation would clearly have a negative economic and religious influence. Hence, the reason was given that the sex between couples needs to be controlled or modified by adopting different means.[11] Therefore, as the church had a great influence on the people, it was considered that the sexual prohibitions it should also be imposed by the Church.[12] Later on, effective birth control techniques became commonly available however the Catholic Church particularly banned it is the reason that it may result in enjoying sex which was considered as the major sin, without having concerns regarding pregnancy.[13] Another thing that needs to be noted is that the Bible is not nearly as "asexual" as we may assume it to be. Therefore, there are certain explicit references present in the Bible to the joy of making love. For example, in the Song of Songs which is considered by many as at least semi-pornographic, provides a significant example (despite the attempts made by the translators to make it less graphic). In this way, although the attempts have been made to make the Song of Songs as some sort of an allegory, according to the modern thinkers, the Song clearly reveals the joys of sex that are experienced by the lovers.[14] As a result of the thinking that has been driven for centuries according to which sex was considered as a sin, and when this thinking has been conveyed as the so-called traditional values and enjoyed the support from law, sex emerged as an embarrassing and a taboo. Only during the recent years, the fundamentalist Christian belief has come out openly so that topics like human sexuality can be discussed openly and in a positive way even if it is still very restrictive.[15] Similarly the persons who have faith in the prevailing religious belief are always conscious of the presence of more sexually liberated and even the views which are more morally responsible.[16] The result is that these persons try not only to have control over their own sexuality but at the same time, they also want to control experiences of others.[17] Hence, "illicit" consensual sex is considered by some as being more destructive for the society than other reasons like violence. But in the modern times, there are many people who have questioned and abandoned these antiquated beliefs. As the effective birth control techniques are available nowadays, the main reason for prohibiting sex among the people is now to control the risk of sexually transmitted diseases. When adequate precautions have not been taken, the risk is really significant and devastating consequences can be seen. Similarly even if the religious and social restraint may appear to be illogical and outmoded, it also needs to be realize that as a result of the prevailing social views, violating the restraints may result in significant personal, marital, social and in some cases even legal consequences. Although the principle of separation of church and state is practiced, still a number of modern laws are based on prevailing religious beliefs.[18] In case of the three major religions of the world, Islam, Christianity and Judaism, the people worship a supreme, omni-potent deity who is the prominent power in the universe. Both God and Allah are given the credit for having created this universe and the forms populating the universe as well as, most importantly with the creation of mankind. These religions have been created for guiding the believers in appropriate ways to live their life as a direct with each other. These religions have constructed their basic beliefs on the concept of a single figure that has created and rules the heavens and earth. In this regard, the Jewish deity does not have a specific gender, in case of Christianity and Islam, this lady is considered as having male persona. In this way, in case of these two religions, the most basic element or the main God that is credited with creating the whole world as well as religion and the human race excludes the feminine influence to a large extent. Apart from the co nception of the nature of Allah and God, both these religions construct the gender identities and boundaries for men and woman that impose limitations on the capacity of both, particularly the woman. Although in the early years of these religions, often a significant role has been played by woman, either their role was ignored or such influence was only valued for its knowledge of matters of the house and family, and in this way, starting a cycle of undervaluing the real potential of women and disempowering the woman in the religious hierarchy has only efforts were being made by the modern women in recent years to break it.[19] There are many fundamental tenets of the religious theology of Islam, Christianity and Judaism that they share with each other, including the nature of God, the structure of up to life, nature of life on earth and the guidelines for exemplary as well as the sinful behavior of the humans. Even if a marginal difference is present in the details of each creation myth, the basic concept consistently talks of an omnipotent being who has created light and matter out of light and nothingness.[20] Genesis of the Torah as well as the Bible mentions that "in the beginning, God created heaven and earth". Earth was empty and it did not have any form, there was darkness on the face of depths but God's Spirit moved on the surface of the water. Therefore God said "there shall be light" and light came in existence. When God saw that light was good, got divided light and darkness.[21] The creation of earth by God and its animal and plant inhabitants took place in a period of six days and on the seven th day, God said let us make man with our image and likeness. A similar story regarding creation is also present in the Koran over a period of six days. It starts with Allah ordaining the creation of earth and heavens out of nothing. In this way, God and Allah created earth out of lack of matter and similarly humans were created to populate the earth out of the same lack of being. Therefore at the most basic level, both men and women were created from the same substance. It has been claimed by Islam, Christianity and Judaism that at the fundamental level of theology, all human beings appear to be equal before the God/Allah. According to the basic religious theory of every religion, there is the concept of a supreme God figure who has created the earth and mankind. It is expected that the human beings will follow the religious rules and guidelines that have been provided by the God and by his prophets on earth.[22] Only by following these teachings, the human beings can hope to find God in heaven. Although it may be expected by the people that they will be punished for sinning and they may have to face the displeasure of God and Allah if get involved in sinful behavior, if they remain pure and holy in their heart and repent for their sins, the all merciful and forgiving God and Allah will forgive them.[23] According to the religious texts of Judaism, women and women's roles have been described as different but equal from men and their roles. According to the Torah, women are considered as beings who are constructed or built instead of being formed as men and corresponding disparities have been assigned to the subsequent nature of men and women.[24] Traditional Judaism provides that women have a higher level of binah (intelligence, edition and understanding) as compared to men and therefore, the historical female Jewish religious figures like Rebecca, leah, Sarah and Rachel were considered to be superior to the patriarchs (Jacob, Abraham and Isaac) in prophecy. It was also believed that women had a high level of tznius or modesty and also bina yeseira that can be described as greater intuition which facilitates deeper understanding of others and therefore connection with them.[25] The religious views of Islam are in certain ways similar to the views of Judaism. In this case, women are considered as being basically different from men and therefore they have different religious roles, and if these roles are fulfilled faithfully, provide the same heavenly rewards and punishments that have faced by men. In general, both men and women have to follow the religious guidelines that have been provided by Allah as best as they can and in the same way, they should also try to remain pure and holy before God.[26] The holy and the sinful behavior has been described by the Quran which equally admonishes men as well as women to follow the religious rules.[27] However, it also needs to be noted that attempts have been made to control the reproductive rights of the woman under the guise of religion. It has been claimed in this regard that as God has put a soul in the womb of a woman, it is the will of the God that the baby should be borne. In the same way, under the guise of religion, it is expected that women should shave their heads or they should wear a wig, only due to the reason that their real here are considered as a temptation that is evil.[28] Similarly, in the name of religion, girls are forced in arranged marriages at even the age of nine. Similarly, religion does not generally provide the right to woman to become religious leaders and sometimes the women are not even allowed in the places of worship. In this way, we see that religion is used as a reason or as an excuse for the subjugation of women. However in most of the cases, no mention of these practices has been made by the religion directly even if they are used to justify these practices.[29] In fact we only come across the translations of ancient texts in the languages that are spoken by the people in the society and at the behest of men who were in charge of the region, the cultural practices were inflated from these ideas. Then culture holds on to keep these practices alive. This makes sense as the men are in power and they want to keep all the people in a state of powerlessness. Therefore half the job is done when they instantly discount 50% of the population. Whenever these practices are challenged, the men only have to point out at the holy book and threaten not only with the help of their man-made power structure but also from the powers provided by the Almighty God.[30] However the point is not if it has been explicitly stated in the religious books that women have to be treated as second class citizens. The issue is if religions have been used as a justification for exerting control over women.[31] In the end, it can be said that although the major religions of the world profits that they treat men and women equally however the truth is that the religious doctrine are restrictive towards women. They want to delegate women to the home and also after making women completely submissive to and dependent on men. These religions have also described women as the weaker beings and therefore they need protection from their husbands in order to survive in the world and also for appropriately understanding their religion. As the religious education and religious power were denied to women, they were trapped within the confines of their narrow rules. If only men were allowed to interpret the religious texts and the relationships that exist between God or Allah and the mankind, women may never hope to completely reclaim their religious independence. Bibliography Adjabeng, Joshua (1991) Sex, Friendship and Marriage, Accra: Pentecost Press Ellison, Carol Rinkleib. (2000). Womens Sexualities, Oakland: New Harbinger Publications, Inc Erhabor, Folakemi (2004), Pentecostal Movement and Adolescent Sexuality in Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria, Ile Ife: unpublished M. Sc. thesis. Erinoso, Layi, Osotimehin, B. Olawoye, Janice E. (1996) Womens Empowerment and Reproductive Health, Ibadan: Social Sciences and Reproductive Health Research Network Forster, Lawrence (1984) Religion and Sexuality: The Shakers, the Mormons, and the Oneida Community, Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1984. Hackett, R. I. J. (1993) "From Exclusion to Inclusion: Women and Bible Use in Southern Nigeria." In The Sociology of Sacred Texts, edited by Jon Davies and Isabel Woilaston, Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, pp. 142-155 Holloway, Mark, (1966) Heaven on Earth Utopian communities in America 1680-1888, 2nd edition, New York: Dover Publication, Inc HOLM, J. (1994): Introduction: raising the issues. In: Holm, J. J., Bowker, J. [eds.]: Women in religion (pp. 1222). New York, Continuum Hopkins, P. (2009): Men, women, positionalities and emotion: doing feminist geographies of religion. ACME: an International Journal for Critical Geographers, 8(1): 117. Inglehart, R., Norris, P. (2003): Rising tide: Gender equality and cultural change around the world. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press King, U. (1995): Gender and the Study of Religion. In: King, U. [ed.]: Religion and Gender (pp. 140). Oxford, Blackwell King, Ursula, (1995), Religion and Gender, Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers Kisembo, Benezeri, Magesa Laurenti Shorter, Aylward, (1977) African Christian Marriage, London Dublin: Geoffrey Chapman Mair Lucy, (1969) African Marriage and Social Change, London: Frank Cass Co Ltd Mann, Kristin, (1985) Marrying well: Marriage, Status and Social Change Among the Educated Elite in Colonial Lagos, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Marshall, Ruth (1992) Pentecostalism in Southern Nigeria: An Overview, in Paul Gifford, ed., New Dimensions in African Christianity, Nairobi, All African Conference of Churches, pp. 8-39 Marshall-Fratani, R (1998) "Mediating the Global and Local in Nigerian Pentecostalism," Journal of Religion in Africa, 28, no 3, pp. 278-315 Norris, P., Inglehart, R. (2004): Sacred and secular: Religion and politics worldwide. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press Ojo, Matthews A. (1998) `Sexuality, Marriage and Piety Among Nigerian Charismatic Movements' in James L. Cox, ed., Rites of Passage in Contemporary Africa (Cardiff: Cardiff Academic Press), pp. 180-197. Olajubu, Oyeronke (2003) Women in the Yoruba Religious Sphere by (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press ROSE, G. (1993): Feminism and geography: the limits of geographical knowledge. Cambridge, Polity Seguino, S. (2011): Help or Hindrance? Religions Impact on Gender Inequality in Attitudes and Outcomes. World Development, 39(8): 13081321 SINCLAIR, K. (1986): Women and religion. In: Dudley, M. I., Edwards, M. I. [eds.]: The Cross-cultural Study of Women: A Comprehensive Guide (pp. 107124). New York, The Feminist Press Sprecher, Susan. (2002).Sexual Satisfaction in Premarital Relationship: Association with Satisfaction, Love Commitment and Stability. The Journal of Sex Research, 39(3), pp. 190-196 Sturm, T. (2013): The future of religious politics: towards a research and theory agenda. Area, 45(2): 134140. Uchem, Rose N. (2001) Overcoming Womens Subordination: An Igbo African and Christian Perspective, Envisioning an Inclusive Theology with Reference to Women, Parkland, FL Uchem, Rose N. (2001) Overcoming Womens Subordination: An Igbo African and Christian Perspective, Envisioning an Inclusive Theology with Reference to Women, Parkland, FL Verryn, T. D. (ed), (1975) Church and Marriage in Modern Africa, Groenkloof, South Africa; The Ecumenical Research Unit Verryn, T. D. (ed), (1975) Church and Marriage in Modern Africa, Groenkloof, South Africa; The Ecumenical Research Unit Verryn, T. D. (ed), (1975) Church and Marriage in Modern Africa, Groenkloof, South Africa; The Ecumenical Research Unit Verryn, T. D. (ed), (1975) Church and Marriage in Modern Africa, Groenkloof, South Africa; The Ecumenical Research Unit Walters, Andrew S. Williamson, Gail M. (1998) Sexual Satisfaction Predicts Quality of Life: A Study of Adult Amputees Sexuality and Disability, 16, (2), pp. 103-115

The Crucible Act 3 Essay Example For Students

The Crucible Act 3 Essay Arthur Miller manages to capture and hold the audience in the long scene using a variety of techniques which keep us at the edge of our seats waiting for the next burst of excitement or conflict in the trial. Some of these techniques include the noise in the courtroom, the order in which people speak, the tone of their voice and even silences in the scene. What is interesting in the scene is how some of the characters true personalities stand out and how some of the characters develop through the scene. Miller also manages to make us become attached to some characters because of the noble and good deeds they do while he also makes some characters seem less appealing because of the acts they do in the scene. From the beginning the judges are clearly a well educated and experienced bunch as they easily manage to turn around one of Martha Coreys statements against her. Martha Corey: I am innocent to a witch. I know not what a witch is. Judge Hawthorne: How do you know, then, that you are not a witch? We will write a custom essay on The Crucible Act 3 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Then in the middle of the hearing for Martha Corey, Giles Corey, her husband, comes storming in to the courtroom exclaiming that he has evidence for the court. This easily manages to capture our attention as Giles interrupts the ever so confident and powerful judges. When Giles calls out that everyone is hearing lies from the court, A roaring goes up from the people. The court audience react in a way that makes us believe that what Giles is doing is not exactly usual and is an extremely bold move as the court is a very powerful group of people who are control of everything at the moment. When Giles enters the courts and gets the judges attention, Paris tries to sway the way the judges think about Giles because he is not friends with him. When Danforth asks, Who is this man? Paris butts in rather quickly, Giles Corey, sir, and a more contentious- but then Giles interrupts the question to answer the question himself, I am asked the question, and I am old enough to answer it. My name is Corey, sir, Giles Corey. This set of interruptions clearly show the tension between Paris and Corey, but more so, shows how much Paris tries to sway the court with his own thoughts and opinions.

Free Essays on T.S. Eliots “The Wasteland“ And Sept 11th

The events of September 11 have forever changed America and on a smaller scale, the way in which I view T.S. Eliot’s poem, â€Å"The Wasteland.† Suddenly, a seemingly dark and distant poem about death and destruction evokes images of everyday men and women leaping from buildings and running for their lives, and creates an unsettling feeling that it could have been us. The first section of â€Å"The Wasteland,† The Burial of the Dead connected to my feelings and thoughts of current events the most. Death, the most final result of all evils is expressed with little subtlety or compassion. The tone is sorrowful and helpless, just as many felt when the terrorists attacked. If it snowed in New York today, we may feel an unconscious relief of our worries, just as Eliot suggested. â€Å"Winter kept us warm, covering earth in forgetful snow,† (Line 5-6) as the snow blanketed the rubble and physical destruction, sheltering our eyes from the horrific images. We are chilled by fear now, and are reminded of our possible fate every time we see the remains of the World Trade Center. The paradoxical image of winter keeping us warm is actually not that implausible, as our hearts find time to heal from the tragedies that occurred. America’s struggle to relax, watch a movie, or listen to music are supported by Eliot’s form of relaxation, â€Å"we stopped†¦ and went on in the sunlight†¦ and drank coffee, and talked for an hour.† (Lines 9-11) His tone about those activities seems calm, and peaceful, and it can most likely be assumed that the conversation was enjoyable, why else would one talk to someone for an hour? Eliot reflects about more innocent and carefree days, â€Å"My cousin’s, he took me out on a sled, and I was frightened. He said, Marie, Marie, hold on tight. And down we went.† (Lines 14-16) The narrator seems to long for a time like this, just as I long for innocence and untroubled days. He imagines a time when his biggest fear was... Free Essays on T.S. Eliot's â€Å"The Wastelandâ€Å" And Sept 11th Free Essays on T.S. Eliot's â€Å"The Wastelandâ€Å" And Sept 11th The events of September 11 have forever changed America and on a smaller scale, the way in which I view T.S. Eliot’s poem, â€Å"The Wasteland.† Suddenly, a seemingly dark and distant poem about death and destruction evokes images of everyday men and women leaping from buildings and running for their lives, and creates an unsettling feeling that it could have been us. The first section of â€Å"The Wasteland,† The Burial of the Dead connected to my feelings and thoughts of current events the most. Death, the most final result of all evils is expressed with little subtlety or compassion. The tone is sorrowful and helpless, just as many felt when the terrorists attacked. If it snowed in New York today, we may feel an unconscious relief of our worries, just as Eliot suggested. â€Å"Winter kept us warm, covering earth in forgetful snow,† (Line 5-6) as the snow blanketed the rubble and physical destruction, sheltering our eyes from the horrific images. We are chilled by fear now, and are reminded of our possible fate every time we see the remains of the World Trade Center. The paradoxical image of winter keeping us warm is actually not that implausible, as our hearts find time to heal from the tragedies that occurred. America’s struggle to relax, watch a movie, or listen to music are supported by Eliot’s form of relaxation, â€Å"we stopped†¦ and went on in the sunlight†¦ and drank coffee, and talked for an hour.† (Lines 9-11) His tone about those activities seems calm, and peaceful, and it can most likely be assumed that the conversation was enjoyable, why else would one talk to someone for an hour? Eliot reflects about more innocent and carefree days, â€Å"My cousin’s, he took me out on a sled, and I was frightened. He said, Marie, Marie, hold on tight. And down we went.† (Lines 14-16) The narrator seems to long for a time like this, just as I long for innocence and untroubled days. He imagines a time when his biggest fear was...

7 Surprising Facts About Homeschooling

7 Surprising Facts About Homeschooling If youre new to the idea of homeschooling, you may think its just like traditional school, but without the classroom.  In some  ways, youd be right -  but there are many important differences. And those differences make homeschooling the best choice for many families.   Whether youre a new  homeschooler  or are just curious about how it works, here are seven facts about homeschooling that may surprise you. 1. Homeschoolers Dont Have to Do the Same Work as Kids in School In some states, public school students have the option to  do their work at home online. Because theyre still enrolled in the public school system, those students follow the same curriculum as kids in school. But in general, homeschoolers also have the option to create their own curriculum -  or not use a curriculum at all. Often they choose lots of hands-on activities and ​learning resources other than textbooks. So instead of trying to keep up with what students in their grade are doing, homeschooling students can study Ancient Greece while their peers study the Civil War. They can  explore states of matter with dry ice  or go  in-depth on evolution  while kids their age are memorizing the parts of a flower. The freedom to follow childrens interests is one of the aspects of homeschooling many families like best. 2. Homeschooling Parents Stay up to Date on How Children Learn and Grow To keep their teaching license current, classroom teachers may be required to attend professional development workshops. At these workshops, they study the latest information and strategies about how children learn. But research on education topics like learning styles, brain development, and the links between physical activity and memory can be found in books, magazines and websites available to the public as well. Thats why even homeschooling parents who dont have teaching degrees are familiar with the latest information on how to be a better teacher. Whats more, experienced homeschoolers -  including those with a professional background in education or child development - are very willing to offer support to other homeschoolers, whether online or at  parent meetings. So the knowledge base within the homeschool community is vast and easily accessible. 3. Its Not Unusual for Classroom Teachers to Homeschool Their Own Children Nobody knows how schools really operate better than classroom teachers. So its not surprising that  many licensed, trained, experienced public school educators decide to homeschool their  kids. As they will tell you, homeschooling lets them use their skills and experience without a lot of  red tape. At home, dedicated professional teachers can create the kind of  learning environment every child should have. 4. Were Still Waiting for a Good Study of Homeschooling You may have  read articles that claim homeschoolers do better than average on standardized tests, come from wealthier families, and homeschool mainly because of religious beliefs. None of the conventional wisdom about homeschooling is backed by rigorous scientific research, however. Most of the statistics you read were collected by groups with a vested interest in proving  that either homeschooling is a cure-all for American education or the end of civilization as we know it. The true answer is more complicated and yet to be reliably studied. 5. Lots of Homeschooling Parents Are Also Working Parents Along with the idea that homeschooling families are wealthier than average is the notion that teaching your own children means one parent must be home full time  and not working. This is not true. Homeschoolers come up with many creative ways to balance work and homeschooling. 6. Homeschoolers Dont Need a High School Diploma to Get into College Colleges have come to recognize that homeschool students are as well prepared as traditionally-schooled students for college life. Thats why they often have a special application process for  college-bound homeschoolers  that takes into account their varied backgrounds. Some homeschoolers also get around requirements for standardized tests like the SAT by taking enough community college classes while in high school to apply as transfer students. 7. Homeschoolers Can Get Many of the Same Educator Discounts as Classroom Teachers Classroom teachers know that national chains and local stores that carry school supplies, art materials, books, and teaching aids often offer educator discounts. In many cases, homeschooling parents can get these discounts too. Stores that have offered discounts include Barnes Noble and Staples. Special educator discounts extend to field trips as well. Museums, summer camps, amusement parks and other educational and recreation venues have learned that offering special events and programs for homeschoolers can boost business during slow periods. For instance, Old Sturbridge Village in Massachusetts, the Colonial-era living museum, has run popular Home School Days for several years. Some national companies also include homeschoolers in competitions and incentive programs aimed at school kids. For example, homeschoolers can earn rewards for reading from the Six Flags chain of amusement parks and Pizza Hut restaurants. Policies change, so its always a good idea to ask. You may also want to be prepared to show proof that you homeschool, such as  a letter from the school district or your  homeschool group membership card.

Enhancing Occupational Health and Safety Term Paper - 1

Enhancing Occupational Health and Safety - Term Paper Example Occupational hazard and occupational diseases are the inevitable; they will be there in the present environment of work environment where corrosive chemicals, heat and many other factors are involved. The manufacturing unit is the worst hit where many people are losing their lives due to many accidents. However, it is very much important to reform the health related programs in the recent organizations as the expectations of the employees are changing with the changing working time and working environment. The financial relives are not the only effective factor for the satisfying job, in the recent time the leave structure, flexibility of work time, the health insurance packages and internal medical supports have become the great issues. The new generation of employees has new expectations from the employees and practically it is the responsibility of the employers to take care of the health of the fellow employees as far as they are working in the same company. This particular paper will focus on the recent scenario of the occupational hazards and with respect to that the safety measures will be discussed intensely. The concept of occupational health safety was evolved in the Europe in the early nineteenth century. The rapid reformation of the occupational health reformation was seen in the Europe and eventually the new trends of the safety measures were shifted to America from the Europe (Taylor, Easter & Hegney 2). The changing in the legislation has helped many poor women and children to stay out of the occupational accidents and occupational hazards. However, the occupational disasters and accidents have a great impact over the local publics too. The laws related to the occupational hazards and standard of safety must be strict enough to have great implications over the present work culture. A great organization has different degrees of satisfactions. According to many motivational

The Effects of the governmental mandatory furlough policy on employees Essay

The Effects of the governmental mandatory furlough policy on employees in Michigan - Essay Example These policies additionally state that employees who are not subject to any collective bargaining contracts when being employed are also subject to abrupt dismissal from employment (Morris, 2005). However, the employees may lay claims against discrimination in their employment on civil rights grounds. Discrimination based on gender, race, age, disability or religions has been prohibited by the federal and state laws in America (Schoeni, 2010). These laws state that the employers may dismiss employees who violate the lawful discharge of their duties, refuse to violate a law in the course of their employment or as an exercise of the rights that have been conferred on them (Kingdon & Thurber, 2010). Furlough programs that are mandatory within the state of Michigan have been implemented for the purpose of addressing the budget shortfalls that have faced the city (Bureau of National Affairs, 2009). There are employers who are legible for the mandatory furlough programs from the government while others are ineligible (Morris, 2005). There are several disadvantages and advantages that the employees within the state of Michigan have encountered due to the mandatory furlough programs that the government has introduced. An employee may take any benefits that have been accorded to him without being interrupted by the days that have been set for mandatory furlough. In addition, their health and dental insurances are also unaffected by these mandatory days (Kingdon & Thurber, 2010). The employees within the state of Michigan are allowed to receive holiday pays under these mandatory programs as though they were performing their regular duties at the workplace (Bureau of National Affairs, 2009). The time that employees serve on mandatory furlough is considered as though they were on regular duty when their benefits under their life insurance schemes are being

D. Forecast for Next 12-18 months Essay Example for Free

D. Forecast for Next 12-18 months Essay The world economic outlook is bright. World GDP growth is forecast to average slightly more than 4 percent per annum during 2006-2007. Asia will continue to act as the primary engine of global growth, though activity will also be supported by continued U. S. economic expansion of almost 3 percent annually. China will continue to register robust growth of slightly more than 9 percent per annum, and output will continue to increase rapidly also in India. Japan also appears to be entering a longer phase of stable growth. The positive global environment will be reinforced by the Euro Area, where economic growth is forecast to accelerate in response to a recovery in domestic demand (The Research Institute of the Finnish Economy). The National Institute of Economic and Social Research has recently released a set of forecasts regarding the state of world economy in 2007. Below are listed some of the key points: Global growth will quicken to 5. 1 per cent this year falling back only a bit in 2007 to a still rapid 4. 7 per cent. Inflationary pressures are rising, mainly owing to higher oil prices, but the impact of rising oil prices on inflation and output is now more muted than in the past. Global imbalances remain marked and the dollar may have to fall by a further 30 per cent in order to halve the US current-account deficit. The US economy will grow by over 3 per cent a year in both 2006 and 2007, but inflationary pressures are mounting. The Japanese economic recovery has become self-sustaining and GDP will rise by 3. 1 per cent in 2006 and by 2. 6 per cent in 2007. The Euro Area will expand by around 2 per cent a year in both 2006 and 2007, and consumer price inflation will average about 2. 5 per cent in both years. The NIESR report goes on to elaborate upon the aforementioned points: Advanced countries in the OECD bloc are participating in the upswing but the main reason for the current period of exceptionally strong global growth is the long boom in China. In 2005, China represented 15. 4 per cent of global GDP on a purchasing-power parity basis, up from 3. 4 per cent in 1980. Global inflation is rising in response to higher oil prices, but much less so than in the past. New estimates suggest that a $10 permanent rise in oil prices will add 0. 2 to 0. 4 percentage points to inflation in the United States in the four years to 2009, with a somewhat smaller impact in the Euro Area, and a still smaller effect in the UK. The global upswing continues to be accompanied by major imbalances, notably the scale of the US current account deficit, which widened by 4. 5 percentage points of GDP between 1997 and 2005. Since this deterioration has mainly financed increased consumer spending rather than productive investment, financial markets may conclude that the deficit is not sustainable. It is estimated that the dollar’s value against a basket of currencies needs to fall by a further 30 per cent in order to reduce the current account deficit by 3 percentage points of GDP. The US economy will grow by 3. 6 per cent in 2006 and by 3. 1 per cent in 2007. The economy continues to be driven mainly by consumption, which will increase by 3. 3 per cent in 2006 and by 2. 9 per cent in 2007. Housing investment is slackening but business investment, stimulated by high corporate profits, will buoy growth this year and next. Inflation is picking up and the private consumption deflator will rise by 3. 0 per cent in 2006 and by 3. 3 per cent in 2007. There now appears little doubt that the Japanese recovery from the bleak period of deflation and stagnation has become self-sustaining. The economy grew by 3. 5 per cent in the year to the first quarter of 2006 . Business investment is expanding strongly and consumer spending is expected to grow by 1. 9 per cent a year in 2006 and 2007. Average earnings, which had been falling earlier in the decade, will grow by 0. 8 per cent in 2006 and by 2. 8 per cent in 2007. The outlook for the Euro Area is for higher inflation despite a fairly modest recovery. Consumer prices will rise by 2. 6 per cent in 2006 compared with 2. 2 per cent in 2005. Tighter monetary conditions together with measures in Germany to cut the budget deficit will hold back growth in consumption and GDP in the Euro Area. Consumer spending will also be restrained by sluggish growth in average earnings as the corporate sector manages to retain its increased profitability (Barrell et al, 8-31).

The Book of Genesis Essay -- Bible Religion Papers

The Book of Genesis Genesis tells us that; in the beginning, God created the heavens, separated light from dark, and gave earth life. God also created two trees in the Garden of Eden. One was the â€Å"tree of life† and the other was the â€Å"tree of the knowledge of good and evil.† Adam was given life for the first time, and as a special gift, God created Eve. Moreover, God gave mankind freewill, allowing them to do whatever they pleased, so although God had forbidden Adam and Eve to touch the tree of knowledge of good and evil, He knew that it was their own choice whether or not to obey Him. In the story of the First Sin we see this first sign of LUST. lust n. Intense or unrestrained sexual craving. An overwhelming desire or craving: a lust for power. Intense eagerness or enthusiasm: a lust for life. The crafty serpent convinced Eve into eating the forbidden fruit by telling her, â€Å"You will not die; for God knows that when you eat of it your eyes will be opened, and you will be like God, knowing good and evil† (Genesis 3.4). Eve was curious to know what this â€Å"evil† was, and hence she lusted for knowledge to be powerful like the almighty God. Eve took her chances and put her faith in the serpent and not the Lord. After she ate the forbidden fruit, she offered it to her husband who was also curious as to what it would do to them. Now the Lord came down to confront Adam, and for the first time, Adam was afraid and hid. They were punished accordingly and now had to live knowing the darker half to life -- evil. wrath n. Forceful, often vindictive anger. Punishment or vengeance as a manifestation of anger. Divine retribution for sin... ... because he was Jacob’s favorite son. envy n. A feeling of discontent and resentment aroused by and in conjunction with desire for the possessions or qualities of another. Anyone would have loved to take his place, but there was no separating Joseph from his father. The envious brothers got together and conspired to kill him, but instead ended up selling their youngest sibling to slavery. In the end, Joseph prospered while all the others ended up where they started; envying their brother. As you can see, the original examples of each of the Deadly Sins are present in Genesis. From the beginning, we read about Lust in the story of Adam and Eve and end up with a story about Envy in Joseph and his brothers. Today, modern day people have to deal with choices between good and evil just like the times of Adam and Eve.

Steam Jet Refrigeration Cycle

Chemical Engineering and Processing 41 (2002) 551– 561 www. elsevier. com/locate/cep Evaluation of steam jet ejectors Hisham El-Dessouky *, Hisham Ettouney, Imad Alatiqi, Ghada Al-Nuwaibit Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Petroleum, Kuwait Uni6ersity, P. O. Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait Received 4 April 2001; received in revised form 26 September 2001; accepted 27 September 2001 Abstract Steam jet ejectors are an essential part in refrigeration and air conditioning, desalination, petroleum re? ning, petrochemical and chemical industries.The ejectors form an integral part of distillation columns, condensers and other heat exchange processes. In this study, semi-empirical models are developed for design and rating of steam jet ejectors. The model gives the entrainment ratio as a function of the expansion ratio and the pressures of the entrained vapor, motive steam and compressed vapor. Also, correlations are developed for the motive steam pressure a t the nozzle exit as a function of the evaporator and condenser pressures and the area ratios as a function of the entrainment ratio and the stream pressures. This allows for full design of the ejector, where de? ing the ejector load and the pressures of the motive steam, evaporator and condenser gives the entrainment ratio, the motive steam pressure at the nozzle outlet and the cross section areas of the diffuser and the nozzle. The developed correlations are based on large database that includes manufacturer design data and experimental data. The model includes correlations for the choked ? ow with compression ratios above 1. 8. In addition, a correlation is provided for the non-choked ? ow with compression ratios below 1. 8. The values of the coef? cient of determination (R 2) are 0. 85 and 0. 78 for the choked and non-choked ? w correlations, respectively. As for the correlations for the motive steam pressure at the nozzle outlet and the area ratios, all have R 2 values above 0. 99.  © 2002 Elsevier Science B. V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Steam jet ejectors; Choked ? ow; Heat pumps; Thermal vapor compression 1. Introduction Currently, most of the conventional cooling and refrigeration systems are based on mechanical vapor compression (MVC). These cycles are powered by a high quality form of energy, electrical energy. The inef? cient use of the energy required to operate such a process can be generated by the combustion of fossil uels and thus contributes to an increase in greenhouse gases and the generation of air pollutants, such as NOx, SOx, particulates and ozone. These pollutants have adverse effects on human health and the environment. In addition, MVC refrigeration and cooling cycles use unfriendly chloro-? oro-carbon compounds (CFCs), which, upon release, contributes to the destruction of the protective ozone layer in the upper atmosphere. * Corresponding author. Tel. : + 965-4811188Ãâ€"5613; fax: + 9654839498. E -mail address: [email  pro tected] kuniv. edu. kw (H. El-Dessouky). Environmental considerations and the need for ef? cient se of available energy call for the development of processes based on the use of low grade heat. These processes adopt entrainment and compression of low pressure vapor to higher pressures suitable for different systems. The compression process takes place in absorption, adsorption, chemical or jet ejector vapor compression cycles. Jet ejectors have the simplest con? guration among various vapor compression cycles. In contrast to other processes, ejectors are formed of a single unit connected to tubing of motive, entrained and mixture streams. Also, ejectors do not include valves, rotors or other moving parts and are available ommercially in various sizes and for different applications. Jet ejectors have lower capital and maintenance cost than the other con? gurations. On the other hand, the main drawbacks of jet ejectors include the following: ? Ejectors are designed to operate at a sin gle optimum point. Deviation from this optimum results in dramatic deterioration of the ejector performance. 0255-2701/02/$ – see front matter  © 2002 Elsevier Science B. V. All rights reserved. PII: S 0 2 5 5 – 2 7 0 1 ( 0 1 ) 0 0 1 7 6 – 3 552 ? H. El -Dessouky et al. / Chemical Engineering and Processing 41 (2002) 551 – 561 Ejectors have very low thermal ef? iency. Applications of jet ejectors include refrigeration, air conditioning, removal of non-condensable gases, transport of solids and gas recovery. The function of the jet ejector differs considerably in these processes. For example, in refrigeration and air conditioning cycles, the ejector compresses the entrained vapor to higher pressure, which allows for condensation at a higher temperature. Also, the ejector entrainment process sustains the low pressure on the evaporator side, which allows evaporation at low temperature. As a result, the cold evaporator ? uid can be used for refrigeration an d cooling functions.As for the removal of non-condensable gases in heat transfer units, the ejector entrainment process prevents their accumulation within condensers or evaporators. The presence of non-condensable gases in heat exchange units reduces the heat transfer ef? ciency and increases the condensation temperature because of their low thermal conductivity. Also, the presence of these gases enhances corrosion reactions. However, the ejector cycle for cooling and refrigeration has lower ef? ciency than the MVC units, but their merits are manifested upon the use of low grade energy that has limited effect on the environment and lower ooling and heating unit cost. Although the construction and operation principles of jet ejectors are well known, the following sections provide a brief summary of the major features of ejectors. This is necessary in order to follow the discussion and analysis that follow. The conventional steam jet ejector has three main parts: (1) the nozzle; (2) t he suction chamber; and (3) the diffuser (Fig. 1). The nozzle and the diffuser have the geometry of converging/diverging venturi. The diameters and lengths of various parts forming the nozzle, the diffuser and the suction chamber, together with the stream ? ow rate and properties, de? e the ejector capacity and performance. The ejector capacity is de? ned in terms of the ? ow rates of the motive steam and the entrained vapor. The sum of the motive and entrained vapor mass ? ow rates gives the mass ? ow rate of the compressed vapor. As for the ejector performance, it is de? ned in terms of entrainment, expansion and compression ratios. The entrainment ratio (w ) is the ? ow rate of the entrained vapor Fig. 1. Variation in stream pressure and velocity as a function of location along the ejector. H. El -Dessouky et al. / Chemical Engineering and Processing 41 (2002) 551 – 561 divided by the flow rate of the motive steam.As for the expansion ratio (Er), it is de? ned as the ratio of the motive steam pressure to the entrained vapor pressure. The compression ratio (Cr) gives the pressure ratio of the compressed vapor to the entrained vapor. Variations in the stream velocity and pressure as a function of location inside the ejector, which are shown in Fig. 1, are explained below: ? The motive steam enters the ejector at point (p ) with a subsonic velocity. ? As the stream ? ows in the converging part of the ejector, its pressure is reduced and its velocity increases. The stream reaches sonic velocity at the nozzle throat, where its Mach number is equal to one. The increase in the cross section area in the diverging part of the nozzle results in a decrease of the shock wave pressure and an increase in its velocity to supersonic conditions. ? At the nozzle outlet plane, point (2), the motive steam pressure becomes lower than the entrained vapor pressure and its velocity ranges between 900 and 1200 m/s. ? The entrained vapor at point (e ) enters the ejector, wher e its velocity increases and its pressure decreases to that of point (3). ? The motive steam and entrained vapor streams may mix within the suction chamber and the converging section of the diffuser or it may ? ow as two separate treams as it enters the constant cross section area of the diffuser, where mixing occurs. ? In either case, the mixture goes through a shock inside the constant cross section area of the diffuser. The shock is associated with an increase in the mixture pressure and reduction of the mixture velocity to subsonic conditions, point (4). The shock occurs because of the back pressure resistance of the condenser. ? As the subsonic mixture emerges from the constant cross section area of the diffuser, further pressure increase occurs in the diverging section of the diffuser, where part of the kinetic energy of the mixture is converted into pressure.The pressure of the emerging ? uid is slightly higher than the condenser pressure, point (c ). Summary for a number of literature studies on ejector design and performance evaluation is shown in Table 1. The following outlines the main ? ndings of these studies: ? Optimum ejector operation occurs at the critical condition. The condenser pressure controls the location of the shock wave, where an increase in the condenser pressure above the critical point results in a rapid decline of the ejector entrainment ratio, since the shock wave moves towards the nozzle exit.Operating at pressures below the critical points has negligible effect on the ejector entrainment ratio. 553 ? At the critical condition, the ejector entrainment ratio increases at lower pressure for the boiler and condenser. Also, higher temperature for the evaporator increases the entrainment ratio. ? Use of a variable position nozzle can maintain the optimum conditions for ejector operation. As a result, the ejector can be maintained at critical conditions even if the operating conditions are varied. ? Multi-ejector system increases the operating range and improves the overall system ef? ciency. Ejector modeling is essential for better understanding of the compression process, system design and performance evaluation. Models include empirical correlations, such as those by Ludwig [1], Power [2] and El-Dessouky and Ettouney [3]. Such models are limited to the range over which it was developed, which limits their use in investigating the performance of new ejector ? uids, designs or operating conditions. Semi-empirical models give more ? exibility in ejector design and performance evaluation [4,5]. Other ejector models are based on fundamental balance equations [6]. This study is motivated by the need for a simple mpirical model that can be used to design and evaluate the performance of steam jet ejectors. The model is based on a large database extracted from several ejector manufacturers and a number of experimental literature studies. As will be discussed later, the model is simple to use and it eliminates the need for iterative procedures. 2. Mathematical model The review by Sun and Eames [7] outlined the developments in mathematical modeling and design of jet ejectors. The review shows that there are two basic approaches for ejector analysis. These include mixing of the motive steam and entrained vapor, either at constant ressure or at constant area. Design models of stream mixing at constant pressure are more common in literature because the performance of the ejectors designed by this method is more superior to the constant area method and it compares favorably against experimental data. The basis for modeling the constant pressure design procedure was initially developed by Keenan [6]. Subsequently, several investigators have used the model for design and performance evaluation of various types of jet ejectors. This involved a number of modi? cations in the model, especially losses within the ejector and mixing of the primary and secondary streams.In this section, the constant pressure e jector model is developed. The developed model is based on a number of literature studies [8 – 11]. The constant pressure model is based on the following assumptions: H. El -Dessouky et al. / Chemical Engineering and Processing 41 (2002) 551 – 561 554 Table 1 Summary of literature studies on ejector design and performance Reference Fluid Boiler, evaporator and condenser temperature ( °C) Conclusion [19] R-113 60–100; 5–18; 40–50 Basis for refrigerant selection for solar system, system performance increased with increasing boiler and evaporator temperatures and decreasing condenser temperature. 20] R-113; R-114; R-142b; R-718 80–95; 5–13; 25–45 Comparison of ejector and refrigerant performance. Dry, wet and isentropic ?uids. Wet ? uid damage ejectors due phase change during isentropic expansion. R-113 (dry) has the best performance and R142b (wet) has the poorest performance. [21,22] R-114 86; ? 8; 30 Increase in ejector perfo rmance using mechanical compression booster. [8] Water 120–140; 5–10; 30–65 Choking of the entrained ? uid in the mixing chamber affects system performance. Maximum COP is obtained at the critical ? ow condition. [13] Water 120–140; 5–10; 30–60Effect of varying the nozzle position to meet operating condition. Increase in COP and cooling capacity by 100%. [23] R-113 70–100; 6–25; 42–50 Entrainment ratio is highly affected by the condenser temperature especially at low evaporator temperature. [24] R-11 82. 2–182. 2; 10; 43. 3 Entrainment ratio is proportional to boiler temperature. [25,26] R-114 90; 4; 30 Combined solar generator and ejector air conditioner. More ef? cient system requires multi-ejector and cold energy storage (cold storage in either phase changing materials, cold water or ice). [27] R-134A 15; 30 Modeling the effect of motive nozzle on system performance, in which the ejector is used to recover part of the work that would be lost in the expansion valve using high-pressure motive liquid. [28] Water 100–165; 10; 30–45 Combined solar collector, refrigeration and seawater desalination system. Performance depends on steam pressure, cooling water temperature and suction pressure. [4] Water [29] Water – Model of multistage steam ejector refrigeration system using annular ejector in which the primary ? uid enters the second stage at annular nozzle on the sidewall.This will increase static pressure for low-pressure stream and mixture and reduce the velocity of the motive stream and reduce jet mixing losses shock wave formation losses. [24] R11; R113; R114 93. 3; 10; 43. 3 Measure and calculate ejector entrainment ratio as a function of boiler, condenser and evaporator temperatures. Entrainment ratio decreases for off design operation and increases for the two stage ejectors. [30] R113; R114; R142b 120–140; 65–80 Effect of throat area, location of main nozzle and length of the constant area section on backpressure, entrainment ratio and compression ratio.Developed a new ejector theory in which the entrained ? uid is choked, the plant scale results agree with this theory. Steam jet refrigeration should be designed for the most often prevailing conditions rather than the most severe to achieve greater overall ef? ciency. [5] Mathematical model use empirical parameters that depend solely on geometry. The parameters are obtained experimentally for various types of ejectors. [31] R134a 5; ? 12, ? 18; 40 Combined ejector and mechanical compressor for operation of domestic refrigerator-freezer increases entrainment ratio from 7 to 12. 4%. The optimum throat diameter depends on the freezer emperature [9] R11; HR-123 80; 5; 30 Performance of HR-123 is similar to R-11 in ejector refrigeration. Optimum performance is achieved by the use of variable geometry ejector when operation conditions change. H. El -Dessouky et al. / Chemical Engineer ing and Processing 41 (2002) 551 – 561 1. The motive steam expands isentropically in the nozzle. Also, the mixture of the motive steam and the entrained vapor compresses isentropically in the diffuser. 2. The motive steam and the entrained vapor are saturated and their velocities are negligible. 3. Velocity of the compressed mixture leaving the ejector is insigni? cant. 4.Constant isentropic expansion exponent and the ideal gas behavior. 5. The mixing of motive steam and the entrained vapor takes place in the suction chamber. 6. The ? ow is adiabatic. 7. Friction losses are de? ned in terms of the isentropic ef? ciencies in the nozzle, diffuser and mixing chamber. 8. The motive steam and the entrained vapor have the same molecular weight and speci? c heat ratio. 9. The ejector ? ow is one-dimensional and at steady state conditions. The model equations include the following: ? Overall material balance (2) Expansion ratio ? ‘ 2pn k? 1   Pp P2 n (k ? 1/k) ?1 Pe P2 n (k ? 1/k) ?1 (6) M*2 + wM*2Te/Tp p e ‘ M 2(k + 1) M 2(k ? 1) + 2 (8) Eq. (8) is used to calculate M*2, M*2, M4 e p Mach number of the mixed ? ow after the shock wave 2 M2+ 4 (k ? 1) M5 = (9) 2k 2 M ? 1 (k ? 1) 4 Pressure increase across the shock wave at point 4 (10) In Eq. (10) the constant pressure assumption implies that the pressure between points 2 and 4 remains constant. Therefore, the following equality constraint applies P2 = P3 = P4. Pressure lift in the diffuser  n Pc p (k ? 1) 2 =d M5+1 P5 2 ? (5) ? (k/k ? 1) (11) where pd is the diffuser ef? ciency. The area of the nozzle throat A1 = where M is the Mach number, P is the pressure and is the isentropic expansion coef? cient. In the above equation, pn is the nozzle ef? ciency and is de? ned as the ratio between the actual enthalpy change and the enthalpy change undergone during an isentropic process. Isentropic expansion of the entrained ? uid in the suction chamber is expressed in terms of the Mach number of the entrai ned ? uid at the nozzle exit plane   P5 1 + kM 2 4 = P4 1 + kM 2 5 (4) Isentropic expansion of the primary ? uid in the nozzle is expressed in terms of the Mach number of the primary ? uid at the nozzle outlet plane Mp2 = ? ? (3) Er = Pp/Pe ? ? 2 k? 1 (7) (1 + w )(1 + wTe/Tp) here w is the entrainment ratio and M * is the ratio between the local ? uid velocity to the velocity of sound at critical conditions. The relationship between M and M * at any point in the ejector is given by this equation M* = Compression ratio Cr = Pc/Pe ? ? ‘ The mixing process is modeled by one-dimensional continuity, momentum and energy equations. These equations are combined to de? ne the critical Mach number of the mixture at point 5 in terms of the critical Mach number for the primary and entrained ?uids at point 2 M* = 4 where m is the mass ? ow rate and the subscripts c, e and p, de? ne the compressed vapor mixture, the ntrained vapor and the motive steam or primary stream. Entrainment ratio w = me/mp ? ? (1) mp + me = mc ? Me2 = 555 mp Pp ‘ RTp k + 1 kpn 2 (k + 1)/(k ? 1) (12) The area ratio of the nozzle throat and diffuser constant area        A1 Pc 1 = A3 Pp (1 + w )(1 + w (Te/Tp)) P2 1/k P (k ? 1)/k 1/2 1? 2 Pc Pc 2 1/(k ? 1) 2 1/2 1? k+1 k+1 1/2 (13) H. El -Dessouky et al. / Chemical Engineering and Processing 41 (2002) 551 – 561 556 ? The area ratio of the nozzle throat and the nozzle outlet A2 = A1 ‘  1 2 (k ? 1) 2 1+ M p2 2 M p2 (k + 1 2  ? (k + 1)/(k ? 1) (14) ? 3. Solution procedure ?Two solution procedures for the above model are shown in Fig. 2. Either procedure requires iterative calculations. The ? rst procedure is used for system design, where the system pressures and the entrainment ratio is de? ned. Iterations are made to determine the pressure of the motive steam at the nozzle outlet (P2) that gives the same back pressure (Pc). The iteration sequence for this procedure is shown in Fig. 2(a) and it includes the fol lowing steps: ? De? ne the design parameters, which include the entrainment ratio (w ), the ? ow rate of the compressed ? ? ? ? vapor (mc) and the pressures of the entrained vapor, ompressed vapor and motive steam (Pe, Pp, Pc). De? ne the ef? ciencies of the nozzle and diffuser (pn, pd). Calculate the saturation temperatures for the compressed vapor, entrained vapor and motive steam, which include Tc, Tp, Te, using the saturation temperature correlation given in the appendix. As for the universal gas constant and the speci? c heat ratio for steam, their values are taken as 0. 462 and 1. 3. The ? ow rates of the entrained vapor (me) and motive steam (mp) are calculated from Eqs. (1) and (2). A value for the pressure at point 2 (P2) is estimated and Eqs. (5) – (11) are solved sequentially to obtain the ressure of the compressed vapor (Pc). The calculated pressure of the compressed vapor is compared to the design value. A new value for P2 is estimated and the previous step is re peated until the desired value for the pressure of the compressed vapor is reached. Fig. 2. Solution algorithms of the mathematical model. (a) Design procedure to calculate area ratios. (b) Performance evaluation to calculate w. H. El -Dessouky et al. / Chemical Engineering and Processing 41 (2002) 551 – 561 ? The ejector cross section areas (A1, A2, A3) and the area ratios (A1/A3 and A2/A1) are calculated from Eqs. (12) – (14).The second solution procedure is used for performance evaluation, where the cross section areas and the entrainment and motive steam pressures are de? ned. Iterations are made to determine the entrainment ratio that de? nes the ejector capacity. The iteration sequence for this procedure is shown in Fig. 2(b) and it includes the following steps: ? De? ne the performance parameters, which include the cross section areas (A1, A2, A3), the pressures of the entrained vapor (Pe) and the pressure of the primary stream (Pp). ? De? ne the ef? ciencies of the nozzle and diffuser (pn, pd). ? Calculate the saturation temperatures of the primary nd entrained streams, Tp and Te, using the saturation temperature correlation given in the appendix. ? As for the universal gas constant and the speci? c heat ratio for steam, their values are taken as 0. 462 and 1. 3. ? Calculate the ? ow rate of the motive steam and the properties at the nozzle outlet, which include mp, P2, Me2, Mp2. These are obtained by solving Eqs. (5), (6), (12) and (14). ? An estimate is made for the entrainment ratio, w. ? This value is used to calculate other system parameters de? ned in Eqs. (7) – (11), which includes M*2, e M*2, M*, M4, M5, P5, Pc. p 4 ? A new estimate for w is obtained from Eq. 13). ? The error in w is determined and a new iteration is made if necessary. ? The ? ow rates of the compressed and entrained vapor are calculated from Eqs. (1) and (2). 4. Semi-empirical model Development of the semi-empirical model is thought to provide a simple met hod for designing or rating of steam jet ejectors. As shown above, solution of the mathematical model requires an iterative procedure. Also, it is necessary to de? ne values of pn and pd. The values of these ef? ciencies widely differ from one study to another, as shown in Table 2. The semi-empirical model for the steam jet ejector is developed over a wide ange of operating conditions. This is achieved by using three sets of design data acquired from major ejector manufacturers, which includes Croll Reynolds, Graham and Schutte – Koerting. Also, several sets of experimental data are extracted from the literature and are used in the development of the empirical model. The semiempirical model includes a number of correlations to calculate the entrainment ratio (w ), the pressure at the nozzle outlet (P2) and the area ratios in the ejector 557 Table 2 Examples of ejector ef? ciencies used in literature studies Reference [27] [32] [33] [31] [10] [24] [8] [34] pn pd 0. 9 0. 5 0. 7 –1 0. 8–1 0. 85–0. 98 0. 85 0. 75 0. 75 0. 8 0. 85 0. 7–1 0. 8–1 0. 65–0. 85 0. 85 0. 9 pm 0. 8 0. 95 (A2/A1) and (A1/A3). The correlation for the entrainment ratio is developed as a function of the expansion ratio and the pressures of the motive steam, the entrained vapor and the compressed vapor. The correlation for the pressure at the nozzle outlet is developed as a function of the evaporator and condenser pressures. The correlations for the ejector area ratios are de? ned in terms of the system pressures and the entrainment ratio. Table 3 shows a summary of the ranges of the experimental and the design data.The table also includes the ranges for the data reported by Power [12]. A summary of the experimental data, which is used to develop the semi-empirical model is shown in Table 4. The data includes measurements by the following investigators: ? Eames et al. [8] obtained the data for a compression ratio of 3 – 6, expansion ratio 160 – 415 and entrainment ratio of 0. 17 – 0. 58. The measurements are obtained for an area ratio of 90 for the diffuser and the nozzle throat. ? Munday and Bagster [4] obtained the data for a compression ratio of 1. 8 – 2, expansion ratio of 356 – 522 and entrainment ratio of 0. 57 – 0. 905.The measurements are obtained for an area ratio of 200 for the diffuser and the nozzle throat. ? Aphornratana and Eames [13] obtained the data for a compression ratio of 4. 6 – 5. 3, expansion ratio of 309. 4 and entrainment ratio of 0. 11 – 0. 22. The measurements are obtained for an area ratio of 81 for the diffuser and the nozzle throat. ? Bagster and Bresnahan [14] obtained the data for a compression ratio of 2. 4 – 3. 4, expansion ratio of 165 – 426 and entrainment ratio of 0. 268 – 0. 42. The measurements are obtained for an area ratio of 145 for the diffuser and the nozzle throat. ? Sun [15] obtained the data for a comp ression ratio of . 06 – 3. 86, expansion ratio of 116 – 220 and entrainment ratio of 0. 28 – 0. 59. The measurements are obtained for an area ratio of 81 for the diffuser and the nozzle throat. ? Chen and Sun [16] obtained the data for a compression ratio of 1. 77 – 2. 76, expansion ratio of 1. 7 – 2. 9 and entrainment ratio of 0. 37 – 0. 62. The measure- H. El -Dessouky et al. / Chemical Engineering and Processing 41 (2002) 551 – 561 558 ments are obtained for an area ratio of 79. 21 for the diffuser and the nozzle throat. ? Arnold et al. [17] obtained the data for a compression ratio of 2. 47 – 3. 86, expansion ratio of 29. 7 – 46. , and entrainment ratio of 0. 27 – 0. 5. ? Everitt and Riffat [18] obtained the data for a compression ratio of 1. 37 – 2. 3, expansion ratio of 22. 6 – 56. 9 and entrainment ratio of 0. 57. The correlation for the entrainment ratio of choked ?ow or compression ratios ab ove 1. 8 is given by W = aErbP cP d ec (e + fP g ) p (h + iP jc) (15) Similarly, the correlation for the entrainment ratio of un-choked ? ow with compression ratios below 1. 8 is given by W = aErbP cP d ec (e + f ln(Pp)) (g + h ln(Pc)) (16) vapor compression applications. As shown in Fig. 3, the ? tting result is very satisfactory for entrainment ratios between 0. 2 and 1.This is because the major part of the data is found between entrainment ratios clustered over a range of 0. 2 – 0. 8. Examining the experimental data ? t shows that the major part of the data ? t is well within the correlation predictions, except for a small number of points, where the predictions have large deviations. The correlations for the motive steam pressure at the nozzle outlet and the area ratios are obtained semi-empirically. In this regard, the design and experimental data for the entrainment ratio and system pressures are used to solve the mathematical model and to calculate the area ratios and motive steam pressure at the nozzle utlet. The results are obtained for ef? ciencies of 100% for the diffuser, nozzle and mixing and a value of 1. 3 for k. The results are then correlated as a function of the system variables. The following relations give the correlations for the choked ? ow: The constants in Eqs. (15) and (16) are given as follows P2 = 0. 13 P 0. 33P 0. 73 e c (17) A1/A3 = 0. 34 P 1. 09P ? 1. 12w ? 0. 16 c p Entrainment ratio Entrainment ratio correlation choked correlation non-choked ?ow (Eq. (15); Fig. 3) ? ow (Eq. (16), Fig. 4) ?1. 89? 10? 5 ?5. 32 5. 04 9. 05? 10? 2 22. 09 ?6. 13 0. 82 ?3. 37? 10? 5 ? ? 0. 79 a 0. 65 b ?1. 54 c 1. 72 d 6. 9v10? 2 e 22. 82 f 4. 21? 10? 4 g 1. 34 h 9. 32 j 1. 28? 10? 1 j 1. 14 R2 0. 85 A2/A1 = 1. 04 P ? 0. 83 c P 0. 86 p w (18) ? 0. 12 (19) The R 2 for each of the above correlations is above 0. 99. Similarly, the following relations give the correlations for the un-choked ? ow: P2 = 1. 02 P ? 0. 000762P 0. 99 e c (20) A1/A3 = 0. 32 P 1. 11P ? 1. 13w ? 0. 36 c p (21) A2/A1 = 1. 22 P ? 0. 81P 0. 81w ? 0. 0739 c p (22) 2 Fitting results against the design and experimental data are shown in Figs. 3 and 4, respectively. The results shown in Fig. 3 cover the most commonly used range for steam jet ejectors, especially in vacuum andThe R values for the above three correlations are above 0. 99. The semi-empirical ejector design procedure involves sequential solution of Eqs. (1) – (14) together with Eq. (17) or Eq. (20) (depending on the ? ow type, choked or non-choked). This procedure is not iterative in contrast with the procedure given for the mathematical model in the previous section. As for the semi-empirical performance evaluation model, it involves non-iterative solution of Eqs. (1) – (14) together with Eq. (15) or Eq. (16) for choked or non-choked ? ow, respectively. It should be stressed that both solution procedures are indepen- Table 3Range of design and experimental data used in model devel opment Source Er Cr Pe (kPa) Pc (kPa) Pp (kPa) w Experimental Schutte–Koerting Croll–Rynolds Graham Power 1. 4–6. 19 1. 008–3. 73 1. 25–4. 24 1. 174–4. 04 1. 047–5. 018 1. 6–526. 1 1. 36–32. 45 4. 3–429. 4 4. 644–53. 7 2–1000 0. 872–121. 3 66. 85–2100. 8 3. 447–124. 1 27. 58–170. 27 2. 76–172. 37 2. 3–224. 1 790. 8–2859. 22 446. 06–1480. 27 790. 8–1480. 27 3. 72–510. 2 38. 6–1720 84. 09–2132. 27 6. 2–248. 2 34. 47–301. 27 344. 74–2757. 9 0. 11–1. 132 0. 1–4 0. 1818–2. 5 0. 18–3. 23 0. 2–4 H. El -Dessouky et al. / Chemical Engineering and Processing 41 (2002) 551 – 561 559 Table 4Summary of literature experimental data for steam jet ejectors Ad/At Pp (kPa) Pe (kPa) Pc (kPa) Pp/Pe Pc/Pe w Reference 90 198. 7 232. 3 270. 3 313. 3 361. 6 1. 23 1. 23 1. 23 1. 2 3 1. 23 3. 8 4. 2 4. 7 5. 3 6 161. 8 189. 1 220. 1 255. 1 294. 4 3. 09 3. 42 3. 83 4. 31 4. 89 0. 59 0. 54 0. 47 0. 39 0. 31 [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] 90 198. 7 232. 3 270. 3 313. 3 361. 6 1. 04 1. 04 1. 04 1. 04 1. 04 3. 6 4. 1 4. 6 5. 1 5. 7 191. 6 223. 9 260. 7 302. 1 348. 7 3. 47 3. 95 4. 44 4. 91 5. 49 0. 5 0. 42 0. 36 0. 29 0. 23 [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] 90 198. 7 232. 3 270. 3 313. 3 361. 6 0. 87 0. 87 0. 87 0. 87 0. 87 3. 4 3. 7 4. 4 5. 1 5. 4 227. 7 266. 2 309. 8 59 414. 4 3. 89 4. 24 5. 04 5. 85 6. 19 0. 4 0. 34 0. 28 0. 25 0. 18 [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] 200 834 400 669 841 690 690 1. 59 1. 59 1. 71 1. 59 1. 94 1. 94 3. 2 3. 07 3. 67 3. 51 3. 38 3. 51 521. 7 250. 2 392. 3 526. 1 356 356 2. 0 1. 92 2. 15 2. 19 1. 74 1. 81 0. 58 1. 13 0. 58 0. 51 0. 86 0. 91 [4] [4] [4] [4] [4] [4] 81 270 270 270 270 270 0. 87 0. 87 0. 87 0. 87 0. 87 4. 1 4. 2 4. 4 4. 5 4. 7 309. 5 309. 5 309. 5 309. 5 309. 5 4. 7 4. 8 5. 04 5. 16 5. 39 0. 22 0. 19 0. 16 0. 14 0. 11 [13] [13] [13] [13] [13] 145 660 578 516 440 381 312 278 1. 55 1. 55 1. 58 1. 57 1. 59 1. 62 1. 68 5. 3 5. 3 5. 3 5. 03 4. 77 4. 23 4. 1 426. 5 373. 5 326. 280. 6 239. 9 192. 6 165. 1 3. 42 3. 42 3. 36 3. 21 3 2. 61 2. 44 0. 27 0. 31 0. 35 0. 38 0. 42 0. 46 0. 42 [14] [14] [14] [14] [14] [14] [14] 143. 4 169. 2 198. 7 232. 3 270. 3 1. 23 1. 23 1. 23 1. 23 1. 23 2. 53 2. 67 3. 15 4 4. 75 116. 8 137. 8 161. 8 189. 1 220. 1 2. 06 2. 17 2. 56 3. 26 3. 87 0. 59 0. 51 0. 43 0. 35 0. 29 [15] [15] [15] [15] [15] 29. 7 33. 5 37. 8 46. 5 2. 47 2. 78 3. 14 3. 86 0. 5 0. 4 0. 3 0. 27 [17] [17] [17] [17] 119. 9 151. 7 224. 1 195. 1 195. 1 186. 2 1. 7 2. 3 3. 9 1. 6 1. 9 2. 9 1. 8 2. 2 3. 3 1. 6 1. 9 2. 8 0. 62 0. 49 0. 34 0. 78 0. 64 0. 37 [16] [16] [16] [16] [16] [16] 2. 3 2. 3 2. 3 56. 9 38. 6 22. 6 . 3 1. 9 1. 4 0. 57 0. 56 0. 57 [18] [18] [18] 81 1720 1720 1720 1720 79. 21 116 153 270 198 198 198 57. 9 47. 4 38. 6 57. 7 51. 4 45. 5 37. 01 67. 6 67. 6 67. 6 121. 3 99. 9 67. 6 1. 02 1. 2 1. 7 143 143 143 143 560 H. El -Dessouky et al . / Chemical Engineering and Processing 41 (2002) 551 – 561 wide range of compression, expansion and entrainment ratios, especially those used in industrial applications. The developed correlations are simple and very useful for design and rating calculations, since it can be used to determine the entrainment ratio, which, upon speci? cation of the system load, can be used to determine the motive steam ? w rate and the cross section areas of the ejector. Acknowledgements Fig. 3. Fitting of the entrainment ratio for compression ratios higher than 1. 8. The authors would like to acknowledge funding support of the Kuwait University Research Administration, Project No. EC084 entitled ‘Multiple Effect Evaporation and Absorption/Adsorption Heat Pumps’. Appendix A. Nomenclature A COP Cr Er m M M* Fig. 4. Fitting of the entrainment ratio for compression ratios lower than 1. 8. dent of the nozzle and diffuser ef? ciencies, which varies over a wide range, as shown in Table 2. 5. Conclusions A semi-empirical model is developed for design and erformance evaluation of steam jet ejector. The model includes correlations for the entrainment ratio in choked and non-choked ? ow, the motive steam pressure at the nozzle outlet and the area ratios of the ejector. The correlations for the entrainment ratio are obtained by ? tting against a large set of design data and experimental measurements. In addition, the correlations for the motive steam pressure at the nozzle outlet and the area ratios are obtained semi-empirically by solving the mathematical model using the design and experimental data for the entrainment ratio and system pressures.The correlations cover a P DP R Rs T w cross section area (m2) coef? cient of performance, dimensionless compression ratio de? ned as pressure of compressed vapor to pressure of entrained vapor expansion ratio de? ned as pressure of compressed vapor to pressure of entrained vapor mass ? ow rate (kg/s) Mach number, ratio of ? uid velocity to speed of sound critical Mach number, ratio of ? uid velocity to speed of sound pressure (kPa) pressure drop (kPa) universal gas constant (kJ/kg  °C) load ratio, mass ? ow rate of motive steam to mass ? ow rate of entrained vapor temperature (K) ntrainment ratio, mass ? ow rate of entrained vapor to mass ? ow rate of motive steam Greek symbols k compressibility ratio p ejector ef? ciency Subscripts 1–7 locations inside the ejector b boiler c condenser d diffuser e evaporator or entrained vapor m mixing n nozzle p primary stream or motive steam t throat of the nozzle H. El -Dessouky et al. / Chemical Engineering and Processing 41 (2002) 551 – 561 Appendix B B. 1. Correlations of saturation pressure and temperature   The saturation temperature correlation is given by T = 42. 6776 ? 3892. 7 ? 273. 15 (ln(P /1000) ? 9. 48654) here P is in kPa and T is in  °C. The above correlation is valid for the calculated saturation temperature over a pressure range of 10 – 1750 kPa. The percentage errors for the calculated versus the steam table values are B 0. 1%. The correlation for the water vapor saturation pressure is given by  ln(P /Pc) = Tc ?1 T + 273. 15  8 ? % fi (0. 01(T + 273. 15 ? 338. 15))(i ? 1) i=1 where Tc = 647. 286 K and Pc = 22089 kPa and the values of fi are given in the following table f1 f2 f3 f4 ?7. 419242 0. 29721 ?0. 1155286 0. 008685635 f5 f6 f7 f8 0. 001094098 ?0. 00439993 0. 002520658 ?0. 000521868

Banks Mat Review Essay

Robert Banks and Bernice M. Ledbetter believe the subject of leadership to be one worth exploring, and they do so in their book much to our profit. In this short book, Banks and Ledbetter begin by presenting the overall question they want to answer: Do Christians’ core convictions shape their views and practices of leadership or are they affected by wider cultural assumptions? [1]The book begins by exploring the many reasons for the increased interest in leadership today. The authors offer a plethora of reasons, not withholding the greatly increased pace of change, and they also set out some other factors for understanding leadership, including the comparison and contrast between a ‘leader’ and the qualities of ‘leadership’. Banks and Ledbetter take great care to ask challenging questions. This practice aids in the development of the book. In the opening chapters they begin by defining leadership as involving a person, group, or organization who shows the way in an area of life. [2] The authors also provide a strong distinction between management and leadership while also showing the importance of these two roles to work together. The foundation of the writing is supported by the claims towards the importance  of the study of leadership. Banks and Ledbetter continue on to explore leadership in a wider range of historical and Biblical contexts. They work from religious and Christian perspectives and work outward towards cultural influences. The authors share insight as it relates to the biblical, historical and contemporary perspectives, covering the accounts of the Apostle Paul, historical models such as the Benedictine tradition, Lutheran, Presbyterian and Pentecostal. They continue by exploring trait, contingency and transformational leadership. Chapters three and four provide the most specific writings on the topic of leadership. In these chapters Banks and Ledbetter draw attention to the raw spiritual, theological, and religious concepts of leadership. Here the authors conduct a case study of a significant author of leadership material, Stephen Covey. It is revealed that many readers are influenced by his Mormon faith without truly understanding or discerning the undertones.[3] This continues with an exploration of other perceived authorities on the topic of leadership. One such study is of Laura Beth Jones, an woman writer with increasing influence as it relates to leadership. Chapter five addresses how to translate practices of leadership into individual context through the use of three basic yet important values: faithfulness, integrity, and a servant-like attitude. Exploration of these three traits is undergirder with discussion of authors such as Robert Greenleaf. He is one of many leaders who brought into popular leadership thinking the idea of ‘servant leadership’.The book closes by offering examples in the form of case-studies. These studies provide deeper insight into the foundational qualities of successful leaders over the span of several years and many different context. This offers the reader a broader view of leadership by showing its success in many different forms and context. CONCRETE RESPONSE While reading through each chapter I was challenged to consider the conflicts I have faced that came as the result of lacking a manager to accompany my leadership. As a pastor, I am a natural leader. I tend to seek out change while searching for ways to constantly make things better and more efficient. About two years ago I was in a conflict with several of the leaders in our church. The conflict revolved around our misunderstanding of  each others approach and roles in leadership. As an proponent of change, I was offended by their seeming lack of faith in pursuing a broader reach in ministry and our effectiveness in the community. As managers, they were more apt to move slowly and could only visualize the problems that would need to be addressed in order to achieve the vision that was laid forth by me. After studying the viewpoints of Banks and Ledbetter I can now see how we could have easily been on the same page and shared the same goal while simply looking from distinct perspectives. I have now began to wonder how many other relationships could have been mended by simply understanding the role that each party played. I have a tendency to assume that others will automatically view things in the same way that I have. This has often led to great disappointment or great feelings of being misunderstood. In this way my passion can easily become focused on the wrong thing and people could easily become the target of that passion. REFLECTION While the book does a great job of exploring the topic of leadership, because of the breadth and depth of the topic many questions remain. Taking into account the authors definitions of managers and leaders, how do the two roles successfully communicate their intentions to one another? It is very possible for the two roles to coexist with proper acknowledgment of one another. How do the two operate together effectively without disrespecting or disregarding the importance of each role. Also, how does one know which leadership style works best in a given context? Does it take an extended period of trial and error to discover the proper styles? How do followers or even managers respond to a constantly changing leadership style? This book could have been greatly improved with a more comprehensive study of the specified leadership topics. The writing feels much like a generic overview of very important topics. While well written and engaging, I am left wanting as it relates to determining how to not only incorporate the leadership styles but also choose the style that is most fitting. This book feels like a movie that ended too soon. Leaving readers wondering what do with the brief information provided. ACTION With a fresh view of the information given by Banks and Ledbetter, I now have the information needed to implement a healthier leadership style that includes a clarity of my role as an agent of change. This plan is broken into two distinct parts. First, to properly identify the contexts that guide the view of leadership within the leadership team of the church that I pastor. What types of leaders have they encountered in the past? Are they open to change or resistant to it? This objective will be accomplished through the scheduling of one on one meetings with each leader. These meeting will allow me the opportunity to engage each leader in a meaningful conversation about the leadership styles they are most comfortable with. With this information I will be equipped to better serve these leaders by communicating with them in a way that they are most likely to receive. This is based upon Banks and Ledbetters observation of the broad idea of leadership many people carry. Secondly, I will create a comprehensive list of the core beliefs that will guide our leadership team. For those considering becoming parts of our church, how do they know the values that determine our decision making as leaders? This list will answer that question. It will become the core values for current and even future leaders. This comprehensive list will incorporate biblical teachings from Jesus as well as the Apostle Paul’s qualifications from 1 Peter and the epistles to Timothy. By outlining these core values, we create accountability, an attribute that could also allow for congregants and members alike to feel more comfortable engaging with the vision of our church by being secure in the direction and the values that guide us. BIBLIOGRAPHY Banks, Robert and Ledbetter, Bernice â€Å"Reviewing Leadership: A Chriatian Evaluation of Current Approaches†, Grand Rapids, MI Baker Publishing Group 2004

Free Essays on The Importance Of The Boston Tea Party

Alfred Young describes the Boston Tea Party as â€Å"the most revolutionary act of the decade.† Indeed it was a very revolutionary act of the decade and it is considered to be one of the most revolutionary acts ever. To some people, however, the Boston Tea Party was not â€Å"the most revolutionary act of the decade.† This paper will analyze the Boston Tea Party and compare the opinions of Alfred Young and the author of this paper. The Boston Tea Party is a popular name for what took place on December 16, 1773. On the evening of December 16, a group of Boston citizens, led by Samuel Adams and many of them disguised as Indians, boarded the ships that brought the tea from Britain and emptied the tea into Boston Harbor. Although most provisions of the Townshend Acts, taxing imports to the colonies, were repealed by Parliament, the duty on tea was retained to demonstrate the power of Parliament to tax the colonies. The citizens of Boston would not permit the unloading of three British ships that arrived in Boston Harbor loaded with tea. The royal governor of Massachusetts, Thomas Hutchinson, however, would not let the tea ships return to England until the taxes had been paid. When the government of Boston refused to pay for the tea, the British closed the port. British parliament had passed the Boston Port Act in March 1774, in order to punish Boston for the dumping of the tea in Boston Harbor. The Boston Port Act is one of many of the Intolerable Acts. Provisions of the bill included the closing of Boston Harbor to all other business until the tax was paid and stripping the power of the government of the Massachusetts Bay Colony from Boston to Salem and replacing the leader with a crown appointed governor. British soldiers occupied Boston to enforce the new laws, and the harbor was blockaded. The surrounding New England towns also suffered from this because they heavily relied on Boston’s port for their goods and supplies. Towns in New ... Free Essays on The Importance Of The Boston Tea Party Free Essays on The Importance Of The Boston Tea Party Alfred Young describes the Boston Tea Party as â€Å"the most revolutionary act of the decade.† Indeed it was a very revolutionary act of the decade and it is considered to be one of the most revolutionary acts ever. To some people, however, the Boston Tea Party was not â€Å"the most revolutionary act of the decade.† This paper will analyze the Boston Tea Party and compare the opinions of Alfred Young and the author of this paper. The Boston Tea Party is a popular name for what took place on December 16, 1773. On the evening of December 16, a group of Boston citizens, led by Samuel Adams and many of them disguised as Indians, boarded the ships that brought the tea from Britain and emptied the tea into Boston Harbor. Although most provisions of the Townshend Acts, taxing imports to the colonies, were repealed by Parliament, the duty on tea was retained to demonstrate the power of Parliament to tax the colonies. The citizens of Boston would not permit the unloading of three British ships that arrived in Boston Harbor loaded with tea. The royal governor of Massachusetts, Thomas Hutchinson, however, would not let the tea ships return to England until the taxes had been paid. When the government of Boston refused to pay for the tea, the British closed the port. British parliament had passed the Boston Port Act in March 1774, in order to punish Boston for the dumping of the tea in Boston Harbor. The Boston Port Act is one of many of the Intolerable Acts. Provisions of the bill included the closing of Boston Harbor to all other business until the tax was paid and stripping the power of the government of the Massachusetts Bay Colony from Boston to Salem and replacing the leader with a crown appointed governor. British soldiers occupied Boston to enforce the new laws, and the harbor was blockaded. The surrounding New England towns also suffered from this because they heavily relied on Boston’s port for their goods and supplies. Towns in New ...